Click here if you want to jump straight to my list of the warmest garments available.
I’ve been researching the warmest wool products available. Here’s what I discovered:
Qiviut (Musk Ox Down)
Qiviut (pronounced “kiv-ee-ute”) is the name for the downy hair of the musk ox. It is the warmest fiber in the world — about eight times as warm as sheep’s wool. It’s also an ultralight fiber. So it’s an extremely warm, very light and very soft fiber.
It’s also quite expensive — a pair of Qiviut socks will costs about $175.
Musk oxen live in Alaska and Canada where temperatures sometimes drop to –100ºF (-73ºC), so they need protection.
I’ve been testing Qiviut scarfs — and they are superlatively warm. Qiviut’s combination of intense warmth and ultralight hand is unique.
A single garment of it can make a significant difference on a frostbitten night.
In Alaska, qiviut is obtained from farmed animals or gathered from the wild during the molt. Unlike sheep, the musk ox are not sheared.
Yak Down
Similar to qiviut, yak down is a very warm fiber that’s also lightweight and soft. It’s a more affordable alternative to the rare qiviut.
Yaks are primarily raised by nomadic Tibetan and Mongolian families. Their wool is combed once per year in the springtime.
According to Kora, a yak performance wear company, yak fabric is 40% warmer merino wool. It has 66% greater air permeability and 17% greater water vapor permeability (tested with ASTM D1518, ASTM D737, ASTM E96).
Bison Down
Bison down is a very warm, insulating fibre. It is also very durable for such a soft fibre. It has a moisture regain of about 30%, compared to 18% for wool — this means that even when saturated, the fibre draws moisture away from one’s skin.
There is only a limited amount of fibre available – estimated at 10,000 pounds per year versus 2,100,000,000 pounds of sheep wool.
It is harvested in Colorado and South Dakota, as a by-product of the bison meat industry.
Alpaca Wool
AAlpaca wool is about three times as warm as sheep’s wool, and it is lightweight and durable. It contains no lanolin, which makes it hypoallergenic and odorless. Alpaca wool also has one of the highest moisture ‘wicking’ properties of all natural fibers.
Alpacas are kept in herds that graze in the mountains of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and Chile.
Other Wools
Other warm (and very soft) wools include camel, angora, cashmere, vicuna and guanaco.
Durability and Fineness
In terms of durability, bison is in most cases the strongest, followed by qiviut and yak down, followed by alpaca and then merino.
In terms of fineness, any fiber that has a diameter of 20 µ (microns) or less will feel very soft to the touch. In the alpaca world, the labelled “royal” alpaca should indicate fibres under 19 µ, “baby” alpaca should indicate fibres that are around 22.5µ and “superfine” alpaca is 26µ. There’s also an International Alpaca Mark that indicates the fibre is less than 28 µ. In the merino world, look for wool labelled “ultrafine” (around 15-17 µ) or “superfine” (about 24 µ).
Here’s a list of fibers from finest to coarsest (in microns): Suri Alpaca (10 -15 µ), Qiviut (11-13 µ), Yak (15 – 19 µ), Huacava Alpaca (15 – 29 µ), Cashmere (15 – 18.5 µ), Ultrafine Merino (17 µ), Yak Down (17.5 to 19µ), Bison (18.5 µ), Superfine Merino (24 µ), Standard Wool (30 – 32 µ), Human Hair (60 – 80 µ).
Based on this criteria, these are the warmest woolens I could find:
Warmest Socks
- (No longer available)
100% Qiviut Socks — hand knit 100% Qiviut wool – $225!
Khunu Yak Wool Boot Sock — a very warm casual sock — 85% yak wool and 15% nylon —£22.00
Khunu Yak Hiking Sock – 46% Yak, 16% Nylon, 14% Lycra, 13% Spandex, 11% wool — £22.00- Bison and Merino Blend Socks — 50% Bison/ 50% Merino Wool – $42 — a very warm sock and with a good tight weave
- 45% Bison Down Fox River Socks — 45% Bison, 20% Silk, 20% Cashmere, 15% Tencel — $43 — Wonderful sock — ultralight but very warm — one of my favorite socks.
- 74% Alpaca Extreme Sock — 74% Alpaca, 24% Nylon, 2% Elastic — $24 — a very thick but warm boot sock
- Alpaca Warrior Blend Sock — exact blend unknown — a basic warm sock — $14
Warmest Gloves
- 90% Bison Down Gloves – 90% Bison Down, 10% Nylon — the bison wool makes this glove particularly warm — the styling is rustic — for outdoor sports use only — $98
- 100% Alpaca Double Knit Gloves — very thick but warm and durable – $36
- 100% Cashmere Gloves — a very soft and warm non-technical glove — $39
Warmest Hats
- 100% Qiviut Harpoon Cap — $195
- Khunu 100% Yak Wool Hat — £65
- 90% Bison Down Beanie — 90% bison down, 10% nylon – $85
- 100% Cashmere Cable Knit Hat — $33
- Cecilia Women’s 100% Alpaca Beanie — $64
Warmest Scarves
- 100% Qiviut Heavy Weight Aleutian Scarf – $275
- 100% Qiviut Handwoven Women’s Scarf – $260
- 100% Vicuna Scarf – $1790
- 100% Guanaco Scarf – $1195
- 90% Bison Down Knit Scarf – 90% bison down, 10% nylon – $125
- Khunu 100% Yak Wool Scarf – £110.00
- 100% Royal Alpaca Scarf – $99
- 100% Cashmere Scarf – $60
Warmest Base Layers (Top)
- 100% Yak Down Shola 230 Crew – $145
- Icebreaker Tech Top Long Sleeve Crewe (260 gm superfine merino) – $110
Warmest Base Layer (Leggings)
- 100% Yak Down Kora Shola Leggings – $145
- Icebreaker Men’s Apex Leggings – (260 gm superfine merino) – $110
Warmest Sweaters
- 100% Yak Wool Hoodie by Citizen Cashmere – $185
- Khunu 100% Yak Down Sweaters – $270
- Icebreaker 100% Superfine Merino Wool Sweater – $150
- 100% Royal Alpaca Fuoco Sweater – 100% Royal Alpaca – $116
- 100% Cashmere Half Zip Mock Neck Sweater – $139
Fiber Reference
Fleece & Fiber Sourcebook — this book explains the many types of animal fibers in the world
